सज़ा-ए-मौत

एमनेस्टी इंटरनेशनल के अनुसार इस समय दुनिया का 58 देशों में मृत्युदंड ज़ारी है। इनमें भारत का नाम भी है। सबसे ज्यादा मौत की सजाएं सम्भवतः चीन में दी जाती हैं, जहाँ हर साल हजारों लोग मौत के घाट उतारे जाते हैं। उसके बाद ईरान, सऊदी अरब, इराक और अमेरिका का स्थान है। नीचे एमनेस्टी इंटरनेशनल के कुछ तथ्य हैं। 

ABOLITIONIST AND RETENTIONIST COUNTRIES

More than two-thirds of the countries in the world have now abolished the death penalty in law or practice. The numbers are as follows:

Abolitionist for all crimes: 97

Abolitionist for ordinary crimes only: 8

Abolitionist in practice: 35

Total abolitionist in law or practice: 140
Retentionist: 58

Following are lists of countries in the four categories: abolitionist for all crimes, abolitionist for ordinary crimes only, abolitionist in practice and retentionist.

At the end is a list of countries which have abolished the death penalty since 1976. It shows that in the past decade, an average of over three countries a year have abolished the death penalty in law or, having done so for ordinary offences, have gone on to abolish it for all offences.

1. Abolitionist for all crimes

Countries whose laws do not provide for the death penalty for any crime
(View this information in table format)

Albania, Andorra, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bhutan, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cambodia, Canada, Cape Verde, Colombia, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote D'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kiribati, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niue, Norway, Palau, Panama, Paraguay, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome And Principe, Senegal, Serbia (including Kosovo), Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Timor-Leste, Togo, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela

2. Abolitionist for ordinary crimes only

Countries whose laws provide for the death penalty only for exceptional crimes such as crimes under military law or crimes committed in exceptional circumstances
(View this information in table format)

Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, El Salvador, Fiji, Israel, Kazakstan, Peru

3. Abolitionist in practice

Countries which retain the death penalty for ordinary crimes such as murder but can be considered abolitionist in practice in that they have not executed anyone during the past 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions. The list also includes countries which have made an international commitment not to use the death penalty
(View this information in table format)

Algeria, Benin, Brunei, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo (Republic of), Eritrea, Ghana, Grenada, Kenya, Laos, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mongolia, Morocco, Myanmar, Nauru, Niger, Papua New Guinea, Russian Federation, Sierra Leone, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Tonga, Tunisia, Zambia

The Russian Federation introduced a moratorium on executions in August 1996. However, executions were carried out between 1996 and 1999 in the Chechen Republic.

4. Retentionist

Countries and territories that retain the death penalty for ordinary crimes

Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belize, Botswana, Chad, China, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cuba, Dominica, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Malaysia, Nigeria, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Palestinian Authority, Qatar, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia,  Singapore, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad And Tobago, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United States Of America, Viet Nam, Yemen, Zimbabwe

Countries that have abolished the death penalty since 1976

1976: Portugal abolished the death penalty for all crimes.

1978: Denmark abolished the death penalty for all crimes.

1979: Luxembourg, Nicaragua and Norway abolished the death penalty for all crimes. Brazil, Fiji andPeru abolished the death penalty for ordinary crimes.

1981: France and Cape Verde abolished the death penalty for all crimes.

1982: The Netherlands abolished the death penalty for all crimes.

1983: Cyprus and El Salvador abolished the death penalty for ordinary crimes.

1984: Argentina abolished the death penalty for ordinary crimes.

1985: Australia abolished the death penalty for all crimes.

1987: Haiti, Liechtenstein and the German Democratic Republic (1) abolished the death penalty for all crimes.

1989: Cambodia, New Zealand, Romania and Slovenia (2) abolished the death penalty for all crimes.

1990: Andorra, Croatia (2), the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (3), Hungary, Ireland,Mozambique, Namibia and Sao Tomé and Príncipe abolished the death penalty for all crimes.

1992: Angola, Paraguay and Switzerland abolished the death penalty for all crimes.

1993: Guninea-Bissau, Hong Kong (4) and Seychelles abolished the death penalty for all crimes.

1994: Italy abolished the death penalty for all crimes.

1995: Djibouti, Mauritius, Moldova and Spain abolished the death penalty for all crimes.

1996: Belgium abolished the death penalty for all crimes.

1997: Georgia, Nepal, Poland and South Africa abolished the death penalty for all crimes. Boliviaabolished the death penalty for ordinary crimes.

1998: Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Canada, Estonia, Lithuania and the United Kingdom abolished the death penalty for all crimes.

1999: East Timor, Turkmenistan and Ukraine abolished the death penalty for all crimes. Latvia (5) abolished the death penalty for ordinary crimes.

2000 : Cote D'Ivoire and Malta abolished the death penalty for all crimes. Albania (6) abolished the death penalty for ordinary crimes.

2001: Bosnia-Herzegovina (7) abolished the death penalty for all crimes. Chile abolished the death penalty for ordinary crimes.

2002: Cyprus and Yugoslavia (now two states Serbia and Montenegro (9)) abolished the death penalty for all crimes.

2003: Armenia abolished the death penalty for all crimes.

2004: Bhutan, Greece, Samoa, Senegal and Turkey abolished the death penalty for all crimes.

2005: Liberia (8) and Mexico abolished the death penalty for all crimes.

2006: Philippines abolished the death penalty for all crimes.

2007: Albania (6), Cook Islands, Kyrgyzstan and Rwanda abolished the death penalty for all crimes. Kazakhstan abolished the death penalty for ordinary crimes.

2008: Uzbekistan and Argentina abolished the death penalty for all crimes.

2009: Burundi and Togo abolished the death penalty for all crimes.

2010: Gabon abolished the death penalty for all crimes.

2012: Latvia abolished the death penalty for all crimes.

Notes:

(1) In 1990 the German Democratic Republic became unified with the Federal Republic of Germany, where the death penalty had been abolished in 1949.
(2) Slovenia and Croatia abolished the death penalty while they were still republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The two republics became independent in 1991.
(3) In 1993 the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic divided into two states, the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
(4) In 1997 Hong Kong was returned to Chinese rule as a special administrative region of China. Since then Hong Kong has remained abolitionist.
(5) In 1999 the Latvian parliament voted to ratify Protocol No. 6 to the European Convention on Human Rights, abolishing the death penalty for peacetime offences.
(6) In 2007 Albania ratified Protocol No. 13 to the European Convention on Human Rights, abolishing the death penalty in all circumstances. In 2000 it had ratified Protocol No. 6 to the European Convention on Human Rights, abolishing the death penalty for peacetime offences.
(7) In 2001 Bosnia-Herzegovina ratified the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, abolishing the death penalty for all crimes.
(8) In 2005 Liberia ratified the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, abolishing the death penalty for all crimes.
(9) Montenegro had already abolished the death penalty in 2002 when it was part of a state union with Serbia. It became an independent member state of the United Nations on 28 June 2006. Its ratification of Protocol No. 13 to the European Convention on Human Rights, abolishing the death penalty in all circumstances, came into effect on 6 June 2006.